Rethink: Web
When we struggle to explain the inherent qualities of a medium, we tend to defer to analogies and metaphors. This is especially true of the internet. Clouds, highways, streams, and real estate are just a few examples of the concepts employed to represent this intangible invention. Staring into a screen, it’s easy to imagine an expanse behind the glass, a limitless space where these metaphors unfold, when in reality it is only as extensive as the material from which it’s made. Fueling this illusion is the medium’s dynamic, immediate nature. Though metaphors may grant us a certain ease when discussing the internet, they belie its true impact on our lives. In the connections it fosters and the exchange of ideas it enables, the technology arguably lives up to Marshall McLuhan’s prescient idea of a “global village.”
Muriel Cooper was one of the first designers to consider the implications of an emerging digital landscape, acutely observing that only after we relieve ourselves of figures of speech are we able to adequately grasp its value. In “Computers and Design,” published in 1989 in Design Quarterly, she writes:
But in fact, it is not the real world, and at some point on the learning curve moving iconic metaphors around is as tedious as rummaging through filing cabinets. At that point the user understands that the computer is a medium different from the physical world, one that offers the power of abstraction.
This “abstraction” Cooper speaks of is the defining feature of digital expression: The ability to design processes that manage information in a kinetic and fluid manner. With a medium the machinations of which are at least somewhat apparent, why do we remain tethered to metaphor? Why a “cloud” when it’s a Walmart-sized building in the Midwest filled with servers?
These questions aren’t new. Though the web is a critical example of the democratization of technology, access to it has almost always been mitigated by national or corporate interests. In the 1990s this manifested itself in the “Browser Wars,” with Microsoft and Netscape dueling for market share by rapidly deploying new features. Placing the web within a metaphor of “sites” and “pages” emphasized familiarity at the expense of the notion that this was an exploratory, dynamic, unique medium. Not surprisingly, artists soon began to interrogate these emerging constructs.
In 1997, Matthew Fuller, Colin Green, and Simon Pope created Web Stalker, an alternative browser that critiqued the reductive standards imposed by mainstream browsers. In an essay for Rhizome, Fuller reflects upon the impetus of the project:
We felt that there was still an implied acceptance of the aesthetic norms of the browser; for instance, that the browser was based primarily on the design for paper, emphasizing the single page as a coherent unit, rather than the connections amongst files. […] Our wager was that it was possible to reroute the excesses of hope and hype in those days away from the emerging and regressive norms they were being channelled through, if only people were able to encounter something more exciting.
In 2001, following the burst of the dot com bubble, SFMOMA organized 010101, an exhibition surveying the possible effects the vast proliferation of digital media might have on contemporary art, what kinds of sharing, appropriation, and manipulation it could enable. I can imagine it was an exciting time to be an artist engaged with the web as a medium — commercial pillars were shaky, if not crumbling, and the web was seemingly up for grabs, ripe for reinterpretation. In his essay for the 010101 publication John S. Weber writes:
The Internet is the wild card in contemporary art, and the ultimate expression of a culture addicted to data and drunk on images. It provides visual artists with more power to make, borrow, appropriate, manipulate, and distribute images and ideas than the utopian fantasies of pre-networked, analog times.
In the following years, as the economy collected itself, the web was sculpted into an engine of commerce, and its materiality increasingly ignored in favor of a new currency: user data and the systems and software that expedited its extraction. The web became efficient rather than engaging, uniform rather than evocative; a series of frameworks and walled gardens meant to reduce the user’s expressive agency. The metaphors of site and page prevailed. Services and social networks like GeoCities and Myspace, which emphasized playful exploration and self-expression, were replaced by services such as the template-driven Squarespace or bland social networks like Facebook.
Today, this materiality — and the ludic sensibilities that come with it — is relegated to niches such as Brutalist Websites or Tilde.Club. Is this banality inevitable, or might we change our expectations of this singular medium? Might we provoke reflection regarding the largely ignored capabilities of expression the web provides?
Last May, I organized a workshop at SFMOMA asking artists, technologists, and accessibility advocates to interrogate today’s web. Driven by a desire to imagine a more community-centered and accessible range of experience, over the course of two Saturdays the fifteen participants envisioned various alternatives to today’s standards. Below are some of the themes that predominated.
The Slow Web
One unifying thread among participants was a hunger to escape the attention economy. As content floods the web, our screens become recursively bifurcated into competing patches of media and clickbait. While it’s hard to imagine a reality in which the web is truly uninfluenced by commerce, how might we explore possibilities where cinematic and ethereal experiences are prioritized? What happens when materiality and environment are valued above business opportunities?
Brenda Laurel’s landmark work on interface design, Computers as Theatre, emphasizes the need to foreground enjoyment. Human-computer interfaces should not merely be transactional; each interaction is a performance unto itself. “A fundamental but sometimes overlooked source of human artistry is the people who actually engage in the designed interaction; that is, the interactors.”
The Accessible Web
Accessibility is something HTML can help maximize, yet all too often making applications accessible is an afterthought for developers rather than a core criteria or ethic. As Motherfucking Website articulates, accessibility issues are largely created by the designer, and not necessarily an inherent property of the web. As websites become increasingly templated, companies struggle to differentiate themselves from their competitors; this differentiation usually manifests in complex visual quirks that are inaccessible to screen readers, or sites heavy in images that don’t contribute to the intended message at all.
In his talk “The Website Obesity Crisis,” Maciej Cegłowski offers a useful rule of thumb, known colloquially as the Taft Test:
“Does your page design improve when you replace every image with William Howard Taft? If so, then, maybe all those images aren’t adding a lot to your article.”
During the workshop, Cecile Puretz, Access & Community Engagement Manager at The Contemporary Jewish Museum and co-founder of Bay Area Arts Access Collective, asked a galvanizing question: “Accessibility is thought to be for a marginalized audience. What happens when we put this audience at the center? Be transparent about it.”
Will Butler, Director of Communications at San Francisco’s LightHouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired, explained that forgoing accessibility is detrimental to the longevity of web applications. Google is blind, meaning when you type something into the search engine it accesses websites the same way a screen reader would. Screen readers traverse the HTML of a website and parse out the hierarchy of information, descriptions of images, and any text. If developers do not take care to properly tag media and text they become “dark matter,” inaccessible to search engines, and less easily archived.
The Collective Web
Last February I attended a performance of Netta Yerushalmy’s Paramodernities, “a series of lecture-performances, or dance-experiments, generated through deconstructions of landmark modern choreographies, performed alongside contributions by scholars and writers who situate these iconic works within the larger project of Modernism.” In the first piece, The Work of Dance in the Age of Sacred Lives, I was introduced by the scholar David Kishik to chora and topos, both Greek words for “place.” While topos is analogous to something like a point on a map, chora is a place occupied and activated by specific human bodies. I found this to be a powerful distinction, an epistemological imperative that seems to be lacking from the contemporary web.
Though the internet now provides more than three billion people with the ability to publish and share ideas, it is largely consumed in solitude, on personal devices. Could the web provide a richer sense of presence in place of its current paradigm, that of quantified personalization?
Cathy Deng, a software engineer at Patreon, suggested experiences where we “avoid anything about cumulative data” and “optimize for serendipity, not retrieval.” Cumulation is an appeal to narcissism, which is itself an anti-exploratory cul de sac.
Other digital mediums are engaged in similar self-examinations. Video games have traditionally been driven by cumulation and regimented linear progression. Tracy J. Fullerton, the director of University of Southern California’s Game Innovation Lab in the School of Cinematic Arts, has challenged this traditional model with Walden, a game. Speaking to Surface, she articulates an alternative paradigm:
Violence isn’t the problem; the problem is the wanting of stuff […] So many games have an assumption at their core that having more is beyond question. We need games that help us question motivation and the definition of achievement.
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After the Rethink: Web workshop, we spent some time synthesizing our discussions and wireframes into essays and prototypes. Over the course of the next few weeks we’ll share these materials, with the hope to inspire a more accessible, community-centered, idiosyncratic web.
The materials presented are neither a prescription nor a mandate, but a provocation. I hope that through this series you become a more conscious contributor to the web and perhaps pause to consider the gulf between how you are experiencing it and how you would like to experience it. As the internet is made and remade, we should imagine and reimagine how we can participate in and guide it.
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Rethink:Web
May 5 & 12, 2018
Participants:
Sasha Arden, media artist and technologist
Will Butler, writer, director of communications at LightHouse for the Blind and Visually Impaired
Cathy Deng, engineer
marcella faustini, curator, writer, and video producer
Matt Ganucheau, artist, composer, designer, and educator
Fanciulla Gentile, multidisciplinary artist
Erica Gangsei, SFMOMA, Head of Interpretive Media
Jenny Odell, multidisciplinary artist and writer
Cecile Puretz, Access and Community Engagement manager at The Contemporary Jewish Museum
Dorothy R. Santos, writer, editor, and curator
Caroline Sinders, designer and artist
Jasper Speicher, programmer and designer
Vincent Sulit, SFMOMA, Digital Content Associate
Andreas Tagger, co-founder and creative director of The Call
Joe Veix, writer and artist
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